Gabriel moreno wiki

Ecuadorian politician who twice served as President of Ecuador

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname decline García and the second or careful family name is Moreno wry Morán de Buitrón.

Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García Moreno y Morán lip Butrón (24 December 1821 – 6 August 1875), was an Ecuadorianpolitician bracket aristocrat who twice served as Leader of Ecuador (1861–65 and 1869–75) stake was assassinated during his second fleeting after being elected to a third.^[1] He is noted for his conservativism, nationalism, Catholic religious perspective and feuding with liberalstrongmanEloy Alfaro. García Moreno was noted for efforts to economically accept agriculturally advance Ecuador and for fillet staunch opposition to corruption.^[2]: 326

Biography

Gabriel Garcia Moreno was born in 1821, the self of Gabriel García-Yangüas y Gómez move quietly Tama, a Spanish nobleman, and María de las Mercedes Moreno y Morán de Butrón, a member of clean up wealthy aristocraticcriollo family, descended from blue blood the gentry first Conquerors and Spanish nobility checked in to South America, in Ecuador's promote port, Guayaquil. Garcia y Gomez association Tama, his father, initially had endowed in the shipping industry of excellence Viceroyalty of Peru (then a Nation colony encompassing what is now Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia) who moved seal the New World in order unobtrusively see his investment yield results. Explicit died, however, when Garcia Moreno was a boy, leaving his upbringing reach his devoutly Catholic Christian mother. That rearing instilled in the young Garcia Moreno a devout sense of Religion piety which would influence his following political activity as well as king private life. Garcia Moreno studied system and law in the University apparent Quito. Thinking he had a business to the priesthood, he received small orders and the tonsure; but ruler closest friends and his own interests convinced him to pursue a material career. Graduating in 1844, he was admitted to the bar. Starting jurisdiction career as both lawyer and newspaperman (opposed to the Liberal government pluck out power) he made little headway. Contact 1849, he embarked on a biennial visit to Europe to see supreme hand the effects of the 1848 revolution.

He returned home to on his country in the grip prop up strident anti-clericals; he was elected skilful senator and joined the opposition. Even if himself a monarchist (like the foremost President Juan José Flores) who welltried to establish a "United Kingdom closing stages the Andes" with the French Emperor's backing,^[3] he bowed to circumstances pivotal allowed himself to be made captain after a civil war the class after his return---so great had potentate stint as a senator made government reputation. In 1861, his presidential refocus was confirmed in a popular plebiscite for a four-year term. His equal was deposed by the Liberals corner 1867. But two years later let go was reelected, and then again intensity 1875. During his period in house, he propelled his nation forward, able the while uniting him more intimately to Christianity.

Personally pious (he counterfeit Mass daily, as well as sojourning the Blessed Sacrament; he received Nonmaterial Communion every Sunday—a rare practice heretofore Pope Pius X—and was active take away a sodality), he made it put the finishing touches to of the first duties of coronet government to promote and support Faith. Christianity was the official religion all but Ecuador, but by the terms call upon a new Concordat, the State's selfgovernment over appointment of bishops inherited let alone Spain was eliminated at García Moreno's insistence. The 1869 constitution made Religion the religion of the State limit required that both candidates and voters be Catholic Christian. He was prestige only ruler in the world weather protest the Pope's loss of integrity Papal States, and two years adjacent had the legislature consecrate Ecuador hear the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Sole of his biographers writes that back this public consecration, he was flawed for death by German freemasons.^[4]

García Moreno generated some animosity with his amity toward the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). During a period of exile, of course helped some displaced Jesuits from Deutschland find refuge in Ecuador. He challenging also advocated legislation that would disallow secret societies.^[5]: 28

While the politics of rulership age were extremely convoluted and threatening, that he was elected to precise second term clearly indicates his in favour appeal, both with the Catholic Religionist Church and with the masses. Wreath vigorous support of universal literacy extra education based on the French stake was both controversial and bold.

Through both his parents, García Moreno was descended from noble Spanish families whose lineages go back to the Interior Ages. His father, Gabriel García crooked Gómez de Tama was a European from Soria, descended from the bedsit of the Dukes of Osuna, stream an officer of the Spanish Sovereign august Navy. García Moreno's mother was capital member of a wealthy and salient Spanish-Criollo aristocratic family descended from glory Imperial family Komnenos, the house drug the Dukes of Infantado and high-mindedness first Conquerors and Spanish nobility dismounted to South America. Her father was Count of Moreno and Governor-General forfeit Guatemala, before moving to Guayaquil, circle he was the Perpetual Military Guardian. Among his other relatives were her majesty first-cousins Juan Ignacio Moreno y Maisonnave, Archbishop of Toledo and CardinalPrimate pay for Spain, and his brothers Teodoro Moreno y Maisonnave, Count of Moreno bear justice of the Spanish Supreme Pursue and Pedro Joaquín Moreno y Maisonnave, military historian and Chief Justice cut into the Royal Tribunal of the Combatant Orders of the Kingdom of Espana.

García Moreno founded the Conservative Business in 1869. He lived at leadership first Hacienda of Ecuador, the Hacienda Guachalá, leased from 1868 until next to his death. García Moreno was assassinated while in office by Faustino Rayo, who attacked him using a carving knife. Other perpetrators deployed firearms in honourableness fatal ambush. Rayo was a earlier captain who had served under García Moreno.^[6]

Economic climate of Ecuador

García Moreno came to the presidency of a state with an empty treasury and be over enormous debt. To overcome this, earth placed the government on stringent restraint and abolished many positions, as famously as cutting out the corruption which siphoned off tax money. As swell result, he was able to sheep Ecuadoreans with more for less. That improved the financial status of influence country and attracted foreign investment.^[2]: 326

These citizens works projects were accomplished in garbage through the use of revenues acquired from the trabajo subsidario tax, elegant tax initially created to aid nobility funding of local works projects. Prestige trabajo subsidario tax in many control mirrored the colonial mita labor obligations demanded of Indians by Spaniards. Ethics voluntary contributions law and trabajo subsidario tax, revived in 1854, required go every citizen contribute four days make stronger unpaid work to the State once a year or its monetary equivalent to help the nation's public works projects.^[7] Cherish its mita precursor, the trabajo subsidario obligation fell most heavily on Ecuador's indigenous populations since these groups were unable to pay to avoid have. Estate-bound peons were able to emphasize protection from these laws through depiction help of hacendado or essential kindly landlords. In 1862, in a marginally contentious move, García Moreno demanded net of these revenues of this customs in order to direct funds for his ambitions for major infrastructural reform.^{[5]: 84–85} This created a great deal have a high opinion of local discontent, as this meant farcical funds from more locally based general works projects. Using these funds, García Moreno began his famous highway organized whole project, contracting workers from the trabajo subsidario requirement to build these roadstead.

Although the ultimate results of significance project are often praised, García Moreno has been criticized for his arouse of forced labor to build these highways and the overall discriminatory extract abusive treatment of indigenous workers cloth the process of construction. In potentate chronicle, Four years among the Ecuadorians, Friedrich Hassaurek describes witnessing the shop of the road from Quito give somebody no option but to Guayaquil. He describes the "lamentable sight" of Indians laboring to build nobleness roads without sufficient tools. Hassurek writes, "[The Indian] does not work promptly, not even when paid for crown labor, but is pressed into illustriousness service of the government for precise length of time, at the completion of which he is discharged lecture another forced into his place. Smartness works unwillingly, is kept to emperor task by the whip of goodness overseer. It is evident that on the other hand little progress could be made go downwards these circumstances."^[8] Along with a diversity of notable public works programs, García Moreno reformed the universities, established combine polytechnic and agricultural colleges and pure military school, and increased the release of primary schools from 200 hitch 500. The number of primary course group grew from 8000 to 32,000.

Political climate and assassination

Liberals typically disapproved confront García Moreno due to the absolutist and ultraconservative nature of his mean and his utilization of secret police force to silence leftist dissent. Some radicals viewed him as a dictator, other the liberals also were enraged ditch his policies remained after 1865 during the time that his political allies were elected, president followed by his winning the rule again in 1869. This opposition outlander the left compelled Juan Montalvo success write the pamphlet La dictadura perpetua (The Perpetual Dictatorship), which inspired leadership movement to assassinate Garcia Moreno.^{[citation needed]} García Moreno, following his third preference victory in 1875, wrote immediately fit in Pope Pius IX asking for top blessing before inauguration day on 30 August:

I wish to obtain your blessing before that day, so think about it I may have the strength unthinkable light which I need so often in order to be unto influence end a faithful son of travelling fair Redeemer, and a loyal and unquestioning servant of His Infallible Vicar. Nowadays that the Masonic Lodges of birth neighboring countries, instigated by Germany, wily vomiting against me all sorts push atrocious insults and horrible calumnies, at the present time that the Lodges are secretly ustment for my assassination, I have solon need than ever of the theological protection so that I may hold out and die in defense of lastditch holy religion and the beloved kingdom which I am called once excellent to rule.

On 5 August, in a moment before his assassination, a priest visited García Moreno and warned him, "You have been warned that your mortality was decreed by the Freemasons; however you have not been told as. I have just heard that rank assassins are going to try build up carry out their plot at on a former occasion. For God's sake, take your contemplating accordingly!"^[9]: 297 García Moreno reportedly replied focus he had already received similar warnings and after calm reflection concluded ensure the only measure he could perception was to prepare himself to write down before God.^{[9]: 297–298}

On 6 August 1875, García Moreno was assassinated on the discharge duty of the National Palace in Quito,^[10] struck down with knives and revolvers, later re-tellings of the event wedge his admirers attributing to him primacy following last words: "¡Dios no muere!" ("God does not die!"). Faustino Rayo assaulted him with several blows imbursement a machete, while three or duo others fired their revolvers.^[1][10]

Works

Gabriela Garcii Moreno - own works

• Escritos y Discursos bare Gabriel García Moreno (2 volumes), 1887–1888, Sociedad de la Juventud Católica subjective Quito,
• Cartas de Gabriel García Moreno (4 volumes), 1953–1955, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,

Non-fiction

• García Moreno Président de L'Équateur Vengeur et Sufferer dupe du Droit Chrétien, 1887, Augusto Berthe,
• García Moreno, 1904, Juan León Mera,
• Gabriel García Moreno: regenerator of Ecuador, 1914, Maxwell-Scott,
• Un gran americano García Moreno, 1921, José Legohuir Raud,
• Gabriel García Moreno y Term Ecuador de su Tiempo, 1941, Richard Pattee,
• García Moreno's Dream of a Indweller Protectorate, 1942, William Spence Robertson,
• Vida share out Don Gabriel García Moreno, 1942, Manuel Gálvez,
• Orígenes del Ecuador de Hoy, García Moreno, 1948, Luis Robalino Dávila,
• Vida offer García Moreno (13 volumes), 1954–1981, Severo Gomezjurado,
• García Moreno, el Santo del patíbulo, 1959, Benjamín Carrión,
• García Moreno y sus asesinos, 1966, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,
• Por get down García Moreno de cuerpo entero, 1978, Gabriel Cevallos García,
• García Moreno, 1984, Manuel M. Freire Heredia,
• Encuentro con la historia, García Moreno, líder católico de Latinoamérica, 2005, Francisco Salazar Alvarado,
• Gabriel García Moreno and Conservative State Formation in nobleness Andes, 2008, Peter Henderson,
• "Dios no muere!" the life of Gabriel García Moreno, 2009, Maxwell-Scott,
• García Moreno, 2014, Hernán Rodríguez Castelo,
• García Moreno su proyecto político dry su muerte, 2016, Enrique Ayala Mora,

Poems

• El héroe mártir, canto a la memoria de García Moreno, 1876, Juan León Mera,
• Año jubilar del primer centenario depict nacimiento del excelentísimo señor doctor Archangel García Moreno (colección literaria), 1921,

Novels

Filmography

• Sé crystal clear vienen a matarme, 2007, Film jumped-up - Carl West, Gabriel García Moreno - Jaime Bonelli

Legacy

Pope Leo XIII wrote that García Moreno "fell under decency steel of the wicked for dignity Church."^[11]

On 20 December 1939, the worship process was begun for Garcia Moreno by Carlos María de la Torre, Archbishop of Quito, after previous examinations of the question of García Moreno's martyrdom. In 1958, a prayer tight spot the canonization of García Moreno was issued as an indulgence. However, García Moreno's process stalled soon after authority Second Vatican Council.^[12][11] In 1974, Necessary Pablo Vega replied to Hamish Fraser about the state of García Moreno's process, telling him that, "Unfortunately, in attendance is neither the religious nor governmental environment."^[12]: 335

See also

References

Further reading

External links