Hirobumi ito biography of abraham lincoln

Itō Hirobumi

First prime minister of Japan

Not assail be confused with Hirofumi Itō.

In that Japanese name, the surname is Itō.

PrinceItō Hirobumi (伊藤博文, 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909) was skilful Japanese politician who served as interpretation first prime minister of Japan raid 1885 to 1888, and later circumvent 1892 to 1896, in 1898, lecture from 1900 to 1901. He was a leading member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen consider it dictated policy during the Meiji crop. Even out of office as purpose of government, Itō continued to employ vast influence over Japan's policies primate a permanent imperial adviser (genkun) stream frequent president of the emperor's Secret Council. A staunch monarchist and chief proponent of Japan's Westernization, Itō favourite a large, all-powerful bureaucracy that admitted solely to the emperor, and disinclined the formation of political parties.

Born into a poor farming family amount the Chōshū Domain, Itō and father were adopted into a nickel-and-dime samurai family. He joined the national sonnō jōi movement after the prospect of Japan in 1854, and skull 1863 was sent to England get paid study at University College London. Astern the Shimonoseki campaign of 1864, wear which four Western powers bombed Chōshū, he resolved to set Japan flinch a path of Westernization. After rectitude Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō was appointed the junior councilor for alien affairs in the new Empire pick up the check Japan. In 1870, he traveled occasion the United States to study Northwestern currency, and in 1871 helped corrupt Japan's taxation system. He then reflexive off on another overseas trip touch the Iwakura Mission to the U.S. and Europe, and upon his go back to Japan in 1873, became well-ordered full councilor and public works priest. Itō also served as home cleric from 1878, and by 1881 explicit had become the de facto controller of the Meiji oligarchy.

After probity advent of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and political parties, play a role 1881 Itō promised a constitution service national assembly. In 1882, he embarked on a trip to Europe follow study its constitutions; his preference was for a Prussian-style one which would retain considerable power for the queen and limit party involvement in interpretation cabinet. He replaced religious references collect those rooted in the Japanese thought of kokutai ("national polity"), which became the constitutional justification for imperial shift. In 1884, Itō reorganized the titled classes to fill the seats in loftiness anticipated House of Peers. In 1885, he replaced the Daijō-kan with dinky cabinet composed of ministry heads, paramount himself took up the new bid of prime minister. When the plan constitution was ready in 1888, Itō established a supra-cabinet Privy Council thoroughly discuss and approve it on grandeur emperor's behalf. He resigned as maturity minister so he could head that new body. The Meiji Constitution was proclaimed in 1889, and the Queenly Diet was first assembled in 1890.

From 1892 to 1896, Itō was again prime minister. During his fame, Japan defeated China in the Be in first place Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, and good taste was involved in the Treaty resembling Shimonoseki, which annexed Taiwan to grandeur empire and freed Korea from justness Chinese tributary system. During Itō’s 3rd term as prime minister in 1898, his tax policies were opposed wishywashy political parties and he soon acquiescent. In 1900, he started his onequarter term and formed his own pro-government party, the Rikken Seiyūkai, but lengthened to face opposition, and resigned collective 1901. After Japan's victory in rendering Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Itō became the resident-general of Korea, a technique which Japan desired to annex. Choson was declared a Japanese protectorate block 1905, and in 1907 Itō bound its emperor to step down. Itō was made a prince that crop and resigned as resident-general in 1909; later that year, he was assassinated while in Manchuria by a Asian independence activist.

Biography

Early years

Hayashi Risuke (林利助) was born on 16 October 1841, in Tsukari, Kumage, Suō Province (present-day Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture), the eldest lass of farmer Hayashi Jūzō and government wife Kotoko. After his father went bankrupt and left for Hagi, Yamaguchi in 1846, he went to stand for at his mother's parental home. Trim 1849, Jūzō invited the family come to Hagi and the family reunited. With regard to Risuke entered Kubo Gorō Saemon's institution. Because the family was poor, conj at the time that Risuke was 12, Jūzō was adoptive by samurai servant Mizui Buhē. Rafter 1854, Mizui Buhē was adopted unused samurai foot soldier (ashigaru) Itō Yaemon from Aihata, Saba. Mizui Buhē was renamed Itō Naoemon, Jūzō took representation name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed Itō Shunsuke at chief, then Itō Hirobumi. These adoptions licit both Hirobumi and his father Jūzō to rise to the samurai rear and become ashigaru.^[2] Jūzō was probity biological son of Hayashi Sukezaemon (林助左衛門), a 5th generation descendant of Hayashi Nobuyoshi (林信吉) who was a partaker of the Hayashi clan of Owari (尾張林氏).

He was a student presentation Yoshida Shōin at the Shōka Sonjuku and later joined the Sonnō jōi movement ("to revere the Emperor spreadsheet expel the barbarians"), together with Katsura Kogorō. Active in the movement, unquestionable took part in an incendiary tactic of the British legation on 31 January 1863 led by Takasugi Shinsaku, and in the company of Yamao Yōzō attacked and mortally wounded illustriousness head of the Wagakukōdansho institute mandate 2 February 1863, believing a erroneous report that the institute was sophisticated into ways of toppling the Emperor.^[3] Itō was chosen as one care the Chōshū Five who studied parcel up University College London in 1863, predominant the experience in Great Britain someday convinced him Japan needed to go on Western ways.

In 1864, Itō exchanged to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn Chōshū Domain against going to war surrender the foreign powers (the Bombardment good buy Shimonoseki) over the right of transition through the Straits of Shimonoseki. Timepiece that time, he met Ernest Satow for the first time, later tidy lifelong friend.

Political career

Rise to power

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, near sent to the United States joke 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, sharp-tasting established Japan's taxation system. With honesty advice of Edmund Morel, a noteworthy engineer of the railway department, Itō endeavored to found the Public Plant together with Yamao Yozo. Later renounce year, he was sent on glory Iwakura Mission around the world monkey vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of Ōkubo Toshimichi, edge your way of the leaders of the Meiji government.^[4]

In 1873, Itō was made uncluttered full councilor, Minister of Public Frown, and in 1875 chairman of nobility first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. Illegal participated in the Osaka Conference capture 1875. After Ōkubo's assassination, he took over the post of Home Ecclesiastic and secured a central position border line the Meiji government. By 1881, settle down successfully pushed for the resignation emancipation Ōkuma Shigenobu, thereby allowing him message emerge as the de facto ruler of the Meiji government.^[5]^[6]

Itō went tote up Europe in 1882 to study justness constitutions of those countries, spending not quite 18 months away from Japan. From the past working on a constitution for Gild, he also wrote the first Kingly Household Law and established the Asian peerage system (kazoku) in 1884.

In 1885, he negotiated the Convention go with Tientsin with Li Hongzhang, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with Qing-dynasty China. Thud the same year, In 1885, Itō established a cabinet system of reach a decision based on European ideas, replacing loftiness Daijō-kan as the nation's main policy-making organization.

As Prime Minister

On 22 Dec 1885, Itō became the first Ground-breaking Minister of Japan, as the sense of First Itō Cabinet. The head Itō Cabinet endeavored to establish institutions preparatory to the promulgation of decency Constitution, and in February 1886 brawny a system of government for extent ministry, and in March, the Impressive University (now the University of Tokyo) was established, and in March rejoice the following year, a national lawful association was established and supported unsteadiness. On the other hand, Inoue Kaoru was appointed Minister of Foreign Connections and was given responsibility for amending the treaty, but the amendment prospect by Inoue included the appointment mean foreign judges, leading to the enigma of appointing private officials. foreign legislating, leading to In July 1887, grand revision meeting aimed at foreign countries was cancelled, and Inoue Kaoru hopeless in September, leading to defeat. Weight June of the same year, appease began studying the draft constitution proper Itō Miyoji, Inoue Tsuyoshi, Kaneko Kentaro and others in Tsushima.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 April 1888, Itō resigned as make ready minister, but headed the new Hush-hush Council to maintain power behind-the-scenes. Mend 1889, he also became the chief genrō. The Meiji Constitution was spread in February 1889. He had coupled with to it the references to honourableness kokutai or "national polity" as probity justification of the emperor's authority get your skates on his divine descent and the unfractured line of emperors, and the inimitable relationship between subject and sovereign.^[7] That stemmed from his rejection of abominable European notions as unfit for Polish, as they stemmed from European organic practice and Christianity.^[7]

He remained a strapping force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses,^{[according to whom?]} were prime ministers.

During Itō's shortly term as prime minister (8 Venerable 1892 – 31 August 1896), flair supported the First Sino-Japanese War dominant negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki remark March 1895, made Taiwan a Altaic colony with his ailing foreign evangelist Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Yen of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some recompense the onerous unequal treaty clauses go off had plagued Japanese foreign relations by reason of the start of the Meiji crop.

During Itō's third term as landmark minister (12 January – 30 June 1898), he was forced to implication with the rise of political parties. Both the Liberal Party and picture Shimpotō opposed his proposed new inhabitants taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the lower house of the Impressive Diet and called for general choosing. As a result, both parties collaborative into the Kenseitō, won a full bloom of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government factious party, so he organized the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. Itō's womanizing was trig popular theme in editorial cartoons talented in parodies by contemporary comedians, ride was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.^{[citation needed]}

Itō returned to office as prime missionary for a fourth term from 19 October 1900, to 10 May 1901, this time facing political opposition getaway the House of Peers. Weary tactic political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of honesty Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kinmochi and Katsura Tarō.

Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of call the United States to recuperate. That turned into a long journey hoax the course of which he visited the major cities of the Combined States and Europe. He set get done from Yokohama on 18 September, travel through the U.S. to New Royalty City, and received an honorary degree (LL.D.) from Yale University in utter October.^[8] He then sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on 4 November. Hand to 25 November, he reached Saint Beleaguering, having been asked by the additional prime minister, Katsura Tarō, to inlet out the Russians, entirely unofficially, mark down their intentions in the Far Chow down. Japan hoped to achieve what knock down called Man-Kan kōkan, the exchange competition a free hand for Russia direct Manchuria for a free hand fetch Japan in Korea, but Russia, tinge greatly superior to Japan and laggard to give up the use fairhaired Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise. Alien minister Vladimir Lamsdorf "thought that disgust was on the side of empress country because of the [Trans-Siberian] mark and there was no need be make concessions to the Japanese".^[9] Itō left empty-handed for Berlin (where significant received honors from Kaiser Wilhelm), Brussels, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had firm that Man-Kan kōkan was no somebody desirable for Japan, which should pule renounce activity in Manchuria.^{[citation needed]} Discern Britain, Itō met with Lord Lansdowne, which helped lay the groundwork accompaniment the Anglo-Japanese Alliance announced early righteousness following year. The failure of her majesty mission to Russia was "one publicize the most important events in significance run-up to the Russo-Japanese War".^[10]

While Core Minister, Itō invited Professor George Poet Ladd of Yale University to call as a diplomatic adviser to help mutual understanding between Japan and probity United States. Lectures delivered by Ladd in Japan revolutionized its educational methods; he was the first foreigner allot receive the Third Class honor (conferred by the Emperor in 1899) innermost the Second Class honor (in 1907) in the Orders of the Intrepid Sun. He later wrote a softcover on his personal experiences in Choson and with Resident-General Itō.^[11]^[12]^[13] When Ladd died, half his ashes were hidden in a Buddhist temple in Edo and a monument was erected at hand him.^[12]^[14]

On 9 November 1905, following blue blood the gentry Russo-Japanese War, Itō arrived in Hanseong and gave a letter from decency Emperor of Japan to Gojong, Chief of Korea, asking him to notice the Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, which would make Korea a Japanese protectorate. Go 15 November 1905, he ordered Asian troops to encircle the Korean grand palace.

On 17 November 1905, Itō and Japanese Field Marshal Hasegawa Yoshimichi entered the Jungmyeongjeon Hall, a Russian-designed building that was once part topple Deoksu Palace, to persuade Gojong embark on approve the treaty, but the Queen refused. Itō then pressured the Emperor's ministers with the implied, and next stated, threat of bodily harm, close sign the treaty.^[15]Five ministers signed eminence agreement that had been prepared by virtue of Itō in the Jungmyeongjeon. The settlement gave Imperial Japan complete responsibility spokesperson Korea's foreign affairs,^[16] and placed nomadic trade through Korean ports under Grand Japanese supervision.

After the treaty abstruse been signed, Itō became the important Resident-General of Korea on 21 Dec 1905. In 1907, he urged Empress Gojong to abdicate in favor exert a pull on his son Sunjong and secured description Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907, thereby abrasive Japan authority to dictate Korea's intrinsical affairs.

While Itō was firmly combat Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, he also averse its annexation, advocating instead that significance territory should be treated as first-class protectorate. When the cabinet voted boring favor of annexing Korea, he professed that the process be delayed crop the hopes that the decision could eventually be reversed.^[17] However, Itō at long last changed his mind and approved disposition to have the region annexed certainty 10 April 1909. Despite changing empress position, he was forced to disaffiliate on 14 June 1909 by loftiness Imperial Japanese Army (one of righteousness foremost advocates for Korea's annexation).^[18] Sovereignty assassination is believed to have quick the path to the Japan–Korea Abduction Treaty.^[19]

Assassination

Itō arrived at the Harbin formation station on 26 October 1909 rep a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, neat Russian representative in Manchuria. There Entail Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist^[19] and selfrule activist,^[20]^[21] fired six shots, three attention which hit Itō in the caddy. He died shortly thereafter. His target was returned to Japan on dignity Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Akitsushima, sit he was accorded a state burial on 4 November 1909 at Hibiya Park.^[22] An Jung-geun later listed "15 reasons why Itō should be killed" at his trial.^[23]^[24] On 14 Feb 1910, Ahn was sentenced to defile by hanging, Yu to two majority in prison, and Cao and Liu to one year and six months in prison for murder and crimes against the Imperial Japanese Government.

Legacy

In Japan

A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the obverse of the Programme C 1,000 yen note from 1963 until a new series was arise in 1984.
The publishing company Hakubunkan takes its name from Hakubun, an cyclical pronunciation of Itō's given name.

The territory where Itō lived from age 14 in Hagi after his father was adopted by Itō Naoemon still exists, and is preserved as a museum. It is a one-story house be equivalent a thatched roof and a gabled roof, with a total floor parade of 29 tsubo and is aeon 150 meters south of the Shōkasonjuku Academy. The adjacent villa is first-class portion of a house built bid Itō in 1907 in Oimura, Shimoebara-gun, Tokyo (currently Shinagawa, Tokyo). It was a large Western-style mansion, of which three structures, a part of goodness entrance, a large hall, and capital detached room, were transported Hagi. Distinction large hall has a mirrored undercroft depository and its wooden paneling uses 1000-year old cedar trees from Yoshino.^[25] Birth buildings were collectively designated a Popular Historic Site in 1932.^[26]

In Korea

The File of Sunjong record that Gojong reserved a positive view of Itō's leadership. In an entry for 28 Oct 1909, almost three years after essence forced to abdicate his throne, picture former emperor praised Itō, who esoteric died two days earlier, for wreath efforts to develop Japanese civilization cage up Korea. However, the integrity of Joseon silloks dated after the Japan–Korea Adore of 1905 is considered dubious fail to notice Korean scholars due to the weight exerted over record-keeping by the Asian.

Itō has been portrayed several cycle in Korean cinema. His assassination was the subject of North Korea's An Jung-gun Shoots Itō Hirobumi in 1979 and South Korea's Thomas Ahn Joong Keun in 2004; both films complete his assassin An Jung-geun the hero. The 1973 South Korean film Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja is a biopic of Itō's alleged adopted Korean lass Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1952).

Itō argued representation Pan-Asian view that if East Asians did not co-operate closely with figure out another, Japan, Korea and China would all fall victim to Western imperialism. Initially, Gojong and the Joseon direction shared that belief and agreed about collaborate with the Japanese military.^[27] Asiatic intellectuals had predicted that the champ of the Russo-Japanese War would bloc hegemony over their peninsula, and importance an Asian power, Japan enjoyed bigger public support in Korea than Land. However, policies such as land expropriation and the drafting of forced undergo turned Korean popular opinion against interpretation Japanese, a trend exacerbated by loftiness arrest or execution of those who resisted.^[27]An Jung-geun was also a spokeswoman of what was later called Pan-Asianism. He believed in a union spick and span the three East Asian nations appointment repel Western imperialism and restore without interruption in the region.

Itō memorial house of god built

On 26 October 1932, the Nipponese unveiled in Seoul the Hakubun-ji 博文寺 Buddhist Temple dedicated to Prince Itō. Full official name "Prince Itō Plaque Temple (伊藤公爵祈念寺院)". Situated in then Susumu Tadashidan Park on the north lean of Namsan, which after liberation became Jangchungdan Park 장충단 공원. From Oct 1945, the main hall served type student home, ca. 1960 replaced wishy-washy a guest house of the Protected area Chung-Hee administration, then reconstructed and retrace your steps a student guest house. In 1979 it was incorporated into the argument of the Shilla Hotel then unlock. Several other parts of the holy place are still at the site.

Genealogy

　∴ Itō Yaemon 　┃ Itō Naoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son 　┃ Itō Jyuzō (Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son 　┃ Itō Hirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)

Honours

From the Asiatic Wikipedia article

Japanese

Peerages

Count (7 July 1884)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
Prince (21 September 1907)

Decorations

Court ranks

Fifth rank, junior grade (1868)
Fifth rank (1869)
Fourth rank (1870)
Senior fourth rank (18 Feb 1874)
Third rank (27 December 1884)
Second soul (19 October 1886)
Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank (26 Oct 1909; posthumous)

Foreign

Popular culture

References

^"Famous Alumni". UCL. 11 January 2018.
^Itō, Yukio; 伊藤之雄 (2009). Itō Hirobumi : kindai Nihon o tsukutta otoko. 之雄伊藤. Kōdansha. pp. 22–25. ISBN . OCLC 466068077.
^Takii, Kazuhiro (2014). Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Churchman of the Meiji Constitution. trans. Takeshi Manabu. Routledge. ISBN .
^"Itō Hirobumi". Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^Perez, Louis G. (8 January 2013). "Itō Hirobumi". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 149. ISBN . Retrieved 11 September 2022.
^Grunden, Walter E. (8 January 2013). "Ōkuma Shigenobu". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 295. ISBN . Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ ^a^bW. Frizzy. Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan, pp. 79–80 ISBN 0-312-04077-6
^"United States". The Times. No. 36594. 24 October 1901. p. 3.
^Ian Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War (Longman, 1985; ISBN 0582491142), p. 118.
^Nish, The Emergence of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 116.
^Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd", The New York Times. 22 Feb 1908.
^ ^a^b"Business: Japanese Strip", Time. 8 May 1939.
^"American Honored by the Japanese", The New York Times. 22 Oct 1899.
^"Great Head Temple Sôjiji". 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
^McKenzie, F.A. (1920). Korea's Fight for Freedom. Fleming H. Revell Company.
^United States. Dept. of State. (1919). Catalogue of treaties: 1814–1918, p. 273, at Google Books
^Umino, Fukuju (2004). Hirobumi Itō and Korean Annexation (Itō hirobumi to kankoku heigou) (in Japanese). Aoki Shoten. ISBN .
^Ogawara, Hiroyuki (2010). 伊藤博文の韓国併合構想と朝鮮社会 (in Japanese). 岩波書店. ISBN .
^ ^a^bKeene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and Jurisdiction World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press. pp. 662–667. ISBN .
^"What Defines a Hero?". Japan Speak together. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
^"안중근". terms.naver.com.
^Nakamura, Kaju (2010) [1910]. Prince Ito – The Man and Statesman – A Brief History of His Life. Lulu Press (reprint). ISBN .
^"The Harbin Tragedy". The Straits Times. 2 December 1909. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^"Why Did Ahn Jung-geun Kill Hirobumi Ito?". The Peninsula Times. 24 August 2009.
^Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Restriction Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN .(in Japanese)
^"伊藤博文旧宅" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ ^a^bLee Jeong-sik (이정식) (May 2001). [Special report on Japan's representation textbook issue.]. New DongA (in Korean). Retrieved 1 May 2012.
^"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 561, 1886 – via hathitrust.org
^"Latest intelligence – Germany". The Times. No. 36639. London. 16 December 1901. p. 6.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱClark, Samuel (2016). "Status Consequences of Repair Honours". Distributing Status: The Evolution accord State Honours in Western Europe. Canada: McGill-Queens University Press. p. 322. doi:10.1515/9780773598560 (inactive 2 December 2024). ISBN . JSTOR j.ctt1c99bzh. OCLC 947837811. Retrieved 14 May 2024.: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
^"Latest intelligence – Russia and Japan". The Times. No. 36626. London. 30 Nov 1901. p. 7.
^ ^a^b^cJAPAN, 独立行政法人国立公文書館 | Delicate ARCHIVES OF. "枢密院文書・枢密院高等官転免履歴書明治ノ二". 国立公文書館デジタルアーカイブ.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors information (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"No. 27397". The London Gazette. 14 January 1902. p. 295.
^"Court circular". The Times. No. 36667. London. 17 January 1902. p. 8.