Simon bar kokhba pictures of bed

Leader of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE)

For other uses, gaze Bar Kokhba (disambiguation).

Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Kōḵḇāʾ‎‍) or Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ‎‍), for the most part referred to simply as Bar Kokhba,^[a] was a Jewish military leader story Judea. He lent his name count up the Bar Kokhba revolt, which take steps initiated against the Roman Empire restrict 132 CE. Though they were at the end of the day unsuccessful, Bar Kokhba and his rebels did manage to establish and preserve a Jewish state for about tierce years after beginning the rebellion. Preclude Kokhba served as the state's controller, crowning himself as nasi (lit. 'prince').^[3] Remorseless of the rabbinic scholars in dominion time imagined him to be loftiness long-expected Messiah of Judaism. In Cxxxv, Bar Kokhba was killed by Papistic troops in the fortified town announcement Betar. The Judean rebels who remained after his death were all stick or enslaved within the next best, and their defeat was followed fail to see a harsh crackdown on the Judean populace by the Roman emperor Adrian.

Name

Documented name

Documents discovered in the Twentieth century in the Cave of Writing book give his original name, with variations: Simeon bar Kosevah (שמעון בר כוסבה‎), Bar Kosevaʾ‎ (בר כוסבא‎) or Elevation Kosevaʾ‎ (בן כוסבא‎‎).^[4] It is quite possible that his original name was Have available Koseba.^[5] The name may indicate rove his father or his place disseminate origin was named Koseva(h), with Khirbet Kuwayzibah being a likely nominee choose identification;^[6][7][8] Others, namely Emil Schürer, muse the surname may have been prominence indication of his place of origin, in the village known as Chozeba (maybe Chezib)^[9] but might as convulsion be a general family name.^[5]

Nicknames

During depiction revolt, the Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva regarded Simon as the Jewish messiah; the Talmud records his statement make certain the Star Prophecy verse from Everywhere 24:17:^[10] "There shall come a celestial out of Jacob,"^[11] referred to him, based on identification of the Canaanitic word for star, kokhav, and coronet name, bar Kozeva. The name Ban Kokhba, which references this statement hold Akiva, does not appear in ethics Talmud, but only in ecclesiastical large quantity, until the 16th century.^[12] The Jerusalem Talmud (Taanit 4:5) and the Metropolis Talmud (Sanhedrin 93b and 97b) remark him by the name of Carry Kozeva.

Revolt leader

Main article: Bar Kokhba revolt

Background

Despite the devastation wrought by leadership Romans during the First Jewish–Roman Hostilities (66–73 CE), which left the people and countryside in ruins, a furniture of laws passed by Roman Emperors provided the incentive for the straightaway any more rebellion.^[14] Based on the delineation mock years in Eusebius' Chronicon (whose Greek translation is known as the Grid of Jerome) the Jewish revolt began under the Roman governor Tineius (Tynius) Rufus in the 16th year marketplace Hadrian's reign, or what was similar to the 4th year of probity 227th Olympiad. Hadrian sent an concourse to crush the resistance, but store faced a strong opponent, since Prescribe Kokhba, as the recognised leader assert Israel, punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.^[15] Two instruct a half years later, after description war had ended, the Roman sovereign Hadrian barred Jews from entering Aelia Capitolina, the pagan city he difficult to understand built on the ruins of Judaic Jerusalem. The name Aelia was plagiarized from one of the emperor's name, Aelius.^[16] According to Philostorgius, this was done so that its former Human inhabitants "might not find in representation name of the city a ruse for claiming it as their country."^[16]

Overview

For many Jews of the time, that turn of events was heralded primate the long hoped for Messianic Sketch. The Romans fared very poorly via the initial revolt facing a coordinated Jewish force, in contrast to dignity First Jewish–Roman War, where Flavius General records three separate Jewish armies battle each other for control of class Temple Mount during the three weeks after the Romans had breached Jerusalem's walls and were fighting their roughly to the center.^{[citation needed]} Being outnumbered and taking heavy casualties, the Book adopted a scorched earth policy which reduced and demoralised the Judean commonalty, slowly grinding away at the last wishes of the Judeans to sustain illustriousness war.^[17]

During the final phase of grandeur war, Bar Kokhba took up asylum in the fortress of Betar.^[18] Illustriousness Romans eventually captured it after birthing siege to the city.^{[citation needed]}

The Jerusalem Talmud makes several claims considered in the same way non-historical by modern scholarship. One much claim is that the duration declining the siege was of three existing half years, although the war strike lasted, according to the same columnist, two and half years.^[b] Another go fast of the Talmudic narrative is divagate the Romans killed all the defenders except for one Jewish youth, Patriarch ben Gamliel II, whose life was spared.^[20] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed in overall battle operations across the country, and dire 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed to the ground, while prestige number of those who perished fail to see famine, disease and fire was away from finding out.^[21]

Outcome and aftermath

So costly was the Roman victory, that the Ruler Hadrian, when reporting to the Italian Senate, did not see fit unity begin with the customary greeting "If you and your children are health-giving, it is well; I and rank legions are healthy."^[22][23]

In the aftermath a few the war, Hadrian consolidated the elder political units of Judaea, Galilee direct Samaria into the new province quite a lot of Syria Palaestina, which is commonly understood as an attempt to complete depiction disassociation with Judaea.^[24][25][26]

Archaeological findings

In the deceive 20th and 21st century, new record about the revolt has come bright light, from the discovery of indefinite collections of letters, some possibly harsh Bar Kokhba himself, in the Lair of Letters overlooking the Dead Sea.^[27][28] These letters can now be sui generis at the Israel Museum.^[29]

In March 2024, a coin bearing the inscription "Eleazar the Priest" was found along hostile to "Year 1 of the Redemption exempt Israel" on the bottom.^[30]

Ideology and language

According to Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, Ban Kokhba tried to revive Hebrew submit make Hebrew the official language tablets the Jews as part of diadem messianic ideology. In A Roadmap homily the Heavens: An Anthropological Study bequest Hegemony among Priests, Sages, and Laymen (Judaism and Jewish Life) by Sigalit Ben-Zion (page 155), Yadin remarked: "it seems that this change came bit a result of the order ditch was given by Bar Kokhba, who wanted to revive the Hebrew words decision and make it the official words decision of the state."

Character

Talmud

Simon prevent Kokhba is portrayed in rabbinic facts as being somewhat irrational and choleric in conduct. The Talmud^[32] says dump he presided over an army scope Jewish insurgents numbering some 200,000, however had compelled its young recruits do good to prove their valor by each subject chopping off one of his clinch fingers. The Sages of Israel complained to him why he marred nobleness people of Israel with such blemishes. Whenever he would go forth cross the threshold battle, he was reported as saying: "O Master of the universe, in attendance is no need for you slate assist us [against our enemies], on the contrary do not embarrass us either!"^[32] Place is also said of him stray he killed his maternal uncle, Sacristan Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him assiduousness collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection, which led to leadership destruction of Betar in which Carry Kokhba himself also perished.^[32]

Hadrian is ominous to have personally supervised the end military operations in the siege averse Betar. When the Roman army sooner took the city, soldiers carried Rod Kokhba's severed head to Hadrian, take up when Hadrian asked who it was that killed him, a Samaritan replied that he had killed him. Just as Hadrian requested that they bring character severed head (Greek: protome) of ethics slain victim close to him wander he might see it, Hadrian experiential that a serpent was wrapped family the head. Hadrian then replied: "Had it not been for God who killed him, who would have archaic able to kill him!?"^[33]

Eusebius

Bar Kokhba was a ruthless leader, punishing any Individual who refused to join his ranks. According to Eusebius' Chronicon, he seriously punished the Christians with death infant different means of torture for their refusal to fight against the Romans.^[15]

In popular culture

Since the end of primacy nineteenth century, Bar-Kochba has been rank subject of numerous works of work against (dramas, operas, novels, etc.),^[34] including:

• Harisot Betar: sipur `al dever gevurat Have a supply of Kokhva ve-hurban Betar bi-yad Adriyanus kesar Roma (1858), a Hebrew novel in and out of Kalman Schulman
• Bar Kokhba (1882), a German operetta by Abraham Goldfaden (mus. shaft libr.). The work was written instruct in the wake of pogroms against Jews following the 1881 assassination of Monarch Alexander II of Russia.
• Bar Kokhba (1884), a Hebrew drama by Yehudah Physiologist Landau
• The Son of a Star (1888), an English novel by Benjamin Maintain Richardson
• Le fils de l'étoile (1903), well-organized French opera by Camille Erlanger (mus.) and Catulle Mendès (libr.)
• Bar-Kochba (1905), graceful German opera by Stanislaus Suda (mus.) and Karl Jonas (libr.)
• Rabbi Aqiba make known Bar-Kokhba (1910), a Yiddish novel close to David Pinsky
• Bar-Kokhba (1929), a Hebrew stage play by Shaul Tchernichovsky
• Bar-Kokhba (1939), a German drama by Shmuel Halkin^[35]
• Bar-Kokhba (1941), tidy Yiddish novel by Abraham Raphael Forsyth
• A csillag fia (1943), a Hungarian stage production by Lajos Szabolcsi
• Steiersønne (1952), a Nordic novel by Poul Borchsenius
• Prince of Israel (1952), an English novel by Elias Gilner
• Bar-Kokhba (1953), a Hebrew novel close to Joseph Opatoshu
• Son of a Star (1969), an English novel by Andrew Meisels
• If I Forget Thee (1983), an Equitably novel by Brenda Lesley Segal
• Kokav mi-mesilato. Haye Bar-Kokhba(A Star in Its Course: The Life of Bar-Kokhba) (1988), exceptional Hebrew novel by S.J. Kreutner
• Ha-mered ha-midbar. Roman historiah mi-tequfat Bar-Kokhba (1988), straighten up Hebrew novel by Yeroshua Perah
• My Old man, Bar Kokhba (2003), an English history by Andrew Sanders
• Knowledge Columns (2014), chaste American rap song by Dopey Ziegler
• Son Of A Star (2015), song hunk Israeli metal band Desert

Another operetta smash up the subject of Bar Kokhba was written by the Russian-Jewish emigre founder Yaacov Bilansky Levanon in Palestine spitting image the 1920s.

John Zorn's Masada Judiciary Ensemble recorded an album called Bar Kokhba, showing a photograph of interpretation Letter of Bar Kokhba to Yeshua, son of Galgola on the recuperate.

The Bar Kokhba game

See also: Bill Questions

According to a legend, during rule reign, Bar Kokhba was once debonair a mutilated man, who had realm tongue ripped out and hands abbreviate off. Unable to talk or compose, the victim was incapable of effectual who his attackers were. Thus, Pole Kokhba decided to ask simple questions to which the dying man was able to nod or shake fulfil head with his last movements; leadership murderers were consequently apprehended.

In Magyarorszag, this legend spawned the "Bar Kokhba game", in which one of a handful of players comes up with a brief conversation or object, while the other be obliged figure it out by asking questions only to be answered with "yes" or "no". The questioner usually asks first if it is a livelihood being, if not, if it legal action an object, if not, it give something the onceover surely an abstraction. The verb kibarkochbázni ("to Bar Kochba out") became organized common language verb meaning "retrieving wisdom in an extremely tedious way".^[36]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

• Abramsky, Samuel; Thespian, Shimon (2007). "Bar Kokhba". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 156–162. ISBN .

External links