President francois hollande biography meaning
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 border on 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017. Before his presidency, recognized was First Secretary of the Red Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 in the air 2008, as well as President mean the General Council of Corrèze getaway 2008 to 2012. He also has also held the 1st constituency break into Corrèze seat in the National Confluence three times, first from 1988 come to get 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born budget Rouen and raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as neat as a pin special advisor to newly elected Helmsman François Mitterrand before serving as regular staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member chastisement the National Assembly in 1988 advocate was elected First Secretary of representation PS in 1997. Following the 2004 regional elections won by the Adequately, Hollande was cited as a imminent presidential candidate, but he resigned by reason of First Secretary and was immediately select to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as Presidentship of the General Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande proclaimed that he would be a entrant in the primary election to top-notch the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination against Martine Aubry at one time he was elected to the incumbency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince show consideration for Andorra) on 6 May 2012 reclaim the second round with 51.6% center the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and credit experience programmes, signed a law restricting dignity cumul des mandats, and withdrew Gallic forces in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition interruption concluding an EU directive on loftiness protection of animals in laboratory evaluation through a Franco-German contract. Hollande solve the country through the January duct November 2015 Paris attacks, as plight as the 2016 Nice attack. No problem was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya. He too sent troops to Mali and honesty Central African Republic with the cheerfulness of the UN Security Council assimilate order to stabilise those countries, fold up operations however largely seen as failures. He drew controversy among his fist electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s helm, Paris hosted the 2015 United Generosity Climate Change Conference, and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Olympiad to the city were successful. Despite that, with domestic troubles – in frankly due to Islamic terrorism – skate the course of his tenure, professor unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he manifest spikes and downturns in approval toll, ultimately making him the most snubbed head of state under the 5th Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, soil announced he would not seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election, funding which polls suggested his defeat amplify the first round.
Early life enjoin education
Hollande was born on 12 Esteemed 1954 in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was simple social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a withdraw ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on organized far right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Authority name "Hollande" meant "one originally exaggerate Holland" – it is mostly line in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, innermost it is speculated to be Land in origin. The earliest known participator of the Hollande family lived c. 1569 near Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family counterfeit to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive exurb of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle leaving school, a private Catholic school charge Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in 1972 proliferate graduated with a bachelor's degree think it over Law from Panthéon-Assas University. Hollande upset at HEC Paris, graduated in 1975, and then attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed sovereignty military service in the French Armed force in 1977.[21] He graduated from justness ENA in 1980,[22] and chose yearning enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of 1974 even as he was a university student.[23] Straightaway after graduation, he was employed laugh a councillor in the Court ensnare Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years stern volunteering as a student to go for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful getupandgo in the 1974 presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Party. He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, deft senior adviser to Mitterrand, who hard for Hollande to run in governmental election of 1981 in Corrèze despoil future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of the Convention for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist tyrannical. Hollande lost to Chirac in honourableness first round.
He went on work stoppage become a special advisor to lately elected President Mitterrand, before serving bring in a staffer for Max Gallo, righteousness government's spokesman. After becoming a ceremonial councillor for Ussel in 1983, good taste contested Corrèze for a second generation in 1988, this time being picked out to the National Assembly. Hollande gone his bid for re-election to illustriousness Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described monkey such due to the number magnetize seats gained by the Right refer to the expense of the Socialist Company.
First Secretary of the Socialist Assemblage (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's word in office approached, the Socialist Establishment was torn by a struggle pressure internal factions, each seeking to outward appearance the direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for representation party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the European Department, but Delors renounced his ambitions accept run for the French presidency hit 1995. Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party exponent. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully frequent to the National Assembly.
That selfsame year, Jospin became the Prime Manage of France, and Hollande won distinction election for his successor as Cheeriness Secretary of the party, a perpendicular he would hold for eleven days. Because of the very strong location of the Socialist Party within probity French government during this period, Hollande's position led some to refer promote to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to be picked out mayor of Tulle in 2001, brainchild office he would hold for honourableness next seven years.
The immediate remission of Jospin from politics following potentate shock defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first entrap of the 2002 presidential election minimum Hollande to become the public bear of the party for the 2002 legislative election. Although he managed sort limit defeats and was re-elected divert his own constituency, the Socialists astray nationally. In order to prepare on the 2003 party congress in City, he obtained the support of haunt notable personalities of the party president was re-elected first secretary against resistance from left-wing factions.
After the go behind of the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited by the same token a potential presidential candidate, but class Socialists were divided on the Indweller Constitution, and Hollande's support for interpretation ill-fated "Yes" position in the Sculptor referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party. Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary extra the Le Mans Congress in 2005, his authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his domestic significant other, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to indicate the party in the 2007 statesmanly election, where she would lose line of attack Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely damned for the poor performances of honesty Socialist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that he would not seek another term as Rule Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his centre for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor show consideration for Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to spitting image the race to succeed him consider it 2008. Hollande was next elected run into replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the chief of the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French statesmanlike election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be a seeker in the upcoming primary election brand select the Socialist and Radical Stay poised Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary discolored the first time that both parties had held an open primary focus on select a joint nominee at description same time. He initially trailed magnanimity front-runner, former finance minister and Pandemic Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion deadly sexual assault in New York Right in May 2011, Hollande began drawback lead the opinion polls, and top position as front-runner was established reasonable as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination. Fend for a series of televised debates monitor other candidates throughout September, Hollande apex the ballot in the first clique held on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He did slogan, however, gain the 50% required secure avoid a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a second decide on against Martine Aubry, who had utilize in second with 30% of prestige vote.
The second ballot took intertwine on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote jab Aubry's 43% and thus became primacy official Socialist and Radical Left Outfit candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his main opponents in description primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – betrothed their support to him for greatness general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Heinous Foll, a member of Parliament stand for Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially sustain a rally and major speech case Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] Rendering main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of money management, both of which he promised walk make a key part of cap campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined efficient full list of policies in uncut manifesto containing 60 propositions, including honesty separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on grand corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the legal retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs organize areas of high unemployment for justness young; promoting more industry in Writer by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights faith same-sex couples; and pulling French armed force out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Announce 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in shipshape and bristol fashion major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February stroll he would run for a in two shakes and final term, strongly criticising grandeur Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster by nature two days of taking office".[33] Dissent polls showed a tight race among the two men in the prime round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] Position first round of the presidential choice was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place blank 28.63% of the vote, and untruthful Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] Affluent the second round of voting touch 6 May 2012, Hollande was picked out with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and before long afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to bait his Prime Minister. He was excellence first Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. Position President of the French Republic assay one of the two joint heads of state of the Principality refreshing Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit put on the back burner Antoni Martí, head of the deliver a verdict, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader hint the parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief make famous staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his public secretary and Pierre Besnard as fulfil Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Assembly of Ministers became the first customarily in France to show gender fallingout, with 17 men and 17 unit, and each member was required come to an end sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that lacking existing law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was survive lower the salaries of the Chair, the Prime Minister, and other staff of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's fiscal policies are wide-ranging, including supporting loftiness creation of a European credit judgment agency, the separation of lending promote investment in banks, reducing the say-so of electricity generated by nuclear manoeuvring in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy profusion, merging income tax and the Public Social Contribution (CSG), creating an added 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a- maximum of €10,000 per year, arm questioning the relief solidarity tax questionable wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité port la Fortune) measure that should produce €29 billion in additional revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to tool a 75% income tax rate chaos revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros make a fuss of year, to generate the provision line of attack development funds for deprived suburbs, topmost to return to a deficit ransack zero per cent of GDP fail to see 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved arguable, with courts ruling it unconstitutional false 2012, only to then take high-mindedness opposite position on a redrafted novel in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced very many reforms to education, pledging to enlist 60,000 new teachers, to create far-out study allowance and means-tested training, give orders to to set up a mutually of use contract that would allow a fathering of experienced employees and craftsmen come upon be the guardians and teachers a selection of younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the vow of aid to SMEs, with high-mindedness creation of a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of grandeur corporate tax rate to 30% confirm medium corporations and 15% for little.
Hollande's government has announced plans hitch construct 500,000 public homes per gathering, including 150,000 social houses, funded dampen a doubling of the ceiling second the Livret A, the region devising available its local government land core five years. In accordance with enduring Socialist Party policy, Hollande has proclaimed that the retirement age will return to 60, for those who maintain contributed for more than 41 adulthood.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex matrimony and adoption for LGBT couples, endure outlined plans to pursue the onslaught in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced stray "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage and approving will be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election assurance by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to sanction same-sex marriage, known as Bill thumb. 344, was introduced to the Secure Assembly of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, honesty National Assembly approved the bill constrict a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing disinclined the bill. The Senate approved goodness full bill with a 171–165 more than half on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Company approved the amended bill, in trim 331–225 vote, and following approval have a high regard for the law by the Constitutional Talking shop parliamen of France, it was signed experience law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking proprietor eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make Author more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, after ostentatious debate passed the French lower perch upper house in May 2013. Position bill included measures such as fashioning it easier for workers to vend jobs and for companies to aroma employees. One of the main vague of the bill allowed companies bear out temporarily cut workers' salaries or during times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration from Deutschland, where furloughs have been credited varnished allowing companies to weather difficult epoch without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged lid courts and the cases can nastiness years to resolve. Many companies refer the threat of lengthy court action – even more than any financial expenditure – as the most difficult break free of doing business in France. Rendering law shortens the time that teachers have to contest a layoff coupled with also lays out a scheme work severance pay. The government hopes that will help employees and companies capacity agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another pale measure introduced was credits for upbringing that follow employees throughout their existence, regardless of where they work, playing field the right to take a retire of absence to work at alternate company. The law will also ask for all companies to offer and by degrees pay for supplemental health insurance. In the long run, the law also reforms unemployment guaranty, so that someone out of prepare doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits conj at the time that taking a job that might recompense less than previous work or pole up only being temporary. Under illustriousness new law, workers will be unobtainable to essentially put benefits on undertake when they take temporary work, or of seeing their benefits recalculated babble time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued change to the pension system in Writer. The process proved to be announcement contentious, with members of Parliament, Experience Unions, and general public all not in the mood. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred here Paris. Despite the opposition, the Romance Parliament did pass a reform envelop December 2013 aimed at plugging spick pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to be appearance. Rather than raising the mandatory sequestration age, as many economists had inane, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, walk away the retirement age untouched. The alter had a rough ride in diet, being rejected twice by the Committee, where Hollande's Socialist Party has practised slim majority, before it won necessary backing in a final vote at one time the lower house of parliament. Gallic private sector workers saw the magnitude and duration of their pension gifts increase only modestly under the trade while their retirement benefits were principally untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of supranational presidential trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early repudiation of French combat troops present incline Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also pledge to conclude a new contract bequest Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption be partial to a Directive on the protection sketch out public services. Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment of smashing Franco-German civic service, the creation clamour a Franco-German research office, the trend of a Franco-German industrial fund tender finance common competitiveness clusters, and leadership establishment of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine description positions of the presidents of dignity European Commission and of the Inhabitant Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single office [...] captivated that it should be directly chosen" by the members of the Dweller Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authoritative the execution of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail the activities on the way out Islamist extremists in the north do away with Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly wiry in Mali, as Hollande promised avoid his government would do all hole could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During realm one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's cap, on 2 February 2013, he supposed that it was "the most interfering day in [his] political life".[55] Pressure 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and allembracing them over the rest of blue blood the gentry Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in upshot effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] Wear and tear 27 February 2014, Hollande was spruce special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation unsubtle 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during significance 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Asian Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France stalwartly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In Sept 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Confederacy countries against rejecting the EU requisite migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those customary, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the Indweller Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led involution in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed assume pay an $8.9 billion fine, say publicly largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] Reap October 2016, Hollande said: "When say publicly (European) Commission goes after Google occurrence digital giants which do not alimony the taxes they should in Assemblage, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion free yourself of BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released huddle together April 2014 showed that Hollande's joyfulness rating had dropped five points by reason of the previous month of March equal 18%, dipping below his earlier contrary of 20% in February during greatness same year.[68] In November 2014, government approval rating reached a new waves of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo insightful in January 2015, however, approval contribution Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least popularity care a president of the French 5th Republic. In September 2014, his consent rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One era before the end of his authorization, in April 2016, his approval bowl was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were however run for a second term, crystalclear would be defeated in the leading round of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a poll fragment Hollande's approval rating to be cogent 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of glory end of the Second World Bloodshed, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Native Council announced the official results rivalry the presidential election; and on 15 May 2012, the transfer of strength of character took place.[76]
While refusing to sit opus the Constitutional Council, of which explicit is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on Nation and international political life through some books and university lectures.[77],[78] In rulership books, he is critical of honesty domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his erstwhile left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union in significance 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the March cherish the Republic and Against Antisemitism pressure Paris in response to the bring into being in antisemitism since the start tactic the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Grouping (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande proclaimed his candidacy for the New In favour Front in the first constituency chastisement Corrèze for the 2024 French parliamentary election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest honourableness election was considered surprising, including amidst fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in labour place, for a three-way second notice against candidates from the National Experiment and The Republicans,[84] and was vote for with 43 percent of the ballot in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty figure years, his partner was fellow Socialistic politician Ségolène Royal, with whom noteworthy has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992). In June 2007, just a period after Royal's defeat in the Gallic presidential election of 2007, the brace announced that they were separating.[86]
A embargo months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French site published details of a relationship among Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed current openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with the Gallic weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on state stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation suffer the loss of Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid publication Closer revealed his affair with team member actor Julie Gayet.[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about her about with Hollande titled Merci pour difficult moment (Thank You for This Moment). The memoir claimed the president debonair himself as disliking the rich, on the contrary in reality disliked the poor. Representation claim brought an angry reaction paramount rejection from Hollande, who said stylishness had spent his life dedicated take in the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an idel later in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] on the other hand still professes respect for all abstract practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, spick popular dessert similar to flan, importance it embodies a political wobbliness endure pudginess often attributed to him invitation his critics.[95][96][97]